Editor: Hans Hunter
E-mail:hhunt@uwyo.edu
Programer: Adam Teeter
E-mail:ateeter@uwyo.edu
Go To Document: (.doc)
Cells make up all living organisms. They are the basic building blocks of life. In some way or another, all organisms respire, or breathe, to stay alive. Likewise, cells respire as well. In fact, cellular respiration is one of the most important biological functions. Some cells can respire without the need of oxygen. This is called anaerobic respiration. Others require oxygen to run on, and respire aerobically. Cellular respiration is a surprisingly complex process, involving various chemicals and a complex system of gateways within the cells. Most aerobic organisms are large and complex, such as animals and plants. Other smaller organisms, such as certain types of bacteria, live deep in the ground where there is little or no oxygen to be had; these organisms are anaerobic. It is because of this that cellular respiration is such an important cycle in keeping any life form alive and healthy. Much research has been done over the years to try and better understand the cellular respiration process, and how, as a necessary cycle, this process ties into keeping the rest of the organism alive.
There are two types of cellular respiration; aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic does not. The first few stages of both types of respiration are very similar. First, glucose, a basic type of sugar, is broken down into Pyruvate through a process called Glycolysis. This creates small amounts of Adenosine Triphosphate, or ATP, which is very basic form of energy. At this point, depending on whether or not the cell is engaged in aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration, the process can take two different paths. (Plaut, 2007)
Aerobic Respiration Equation. Taken From: http://resources.wardsci.com/resources-and-tips/photosynthesis-and-cell-respiration/
A computer generated model of ATP. Taken from: http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/cellresp/respintro.html
Anaerobic respiration means that the cellular respiration process does not require oxygen. Because of this, very little ATP is actually produced. Instead, an alcoholic or lactic process ensues, causing fermentation to occur. From this, either ethanol or lactate can be produced. This means that, in the case of most organisms, not enough energy is produced for them to be able to survive. This is why most anaerobic organisms are so small. (Plaut, 2007)
Anaerobic Respiration Equation. Taken From: http://resources.wardsci.com/resources-and-tips/photosynthesis-and-cell-respiration/
Oxygen can actually be toxic to anaerobic organisms. While it is not immediately fatal, prolonged exposure to oxygen over several days can eventually kill anaerobic organisms. Oxygen tolerance varies between anaerobic species, but certain types of bacteria such as acteroids, clostridium, and sulfate-reducing bacteria are strictly anaerobic organisms, and, subsequently, are extremely susceptible to ill effects when exposed to oxygen. The reason for these effects is that most of these organisms do not have many of the enzymes that protect them from toxins found in oxygen. A few anaerobic bacteria species seem to be able to live for long periods of time while being exposed to substantial amounts of oxygen. (Brioukhanov; Netrusov, 2006)
The aerobic respiration process is more complex. In this form of respiration, the Krebs cycle, otherwise known as the citric acid cycle, makes much more ATP. It also creates electron carriers known as NADH, which creates an electron transport chain. This chain can regenerate NAD. It is this transport chain that creates the final product, energy, in the form of ATP. ATP is the form of energy that drives the metabolic process (Plaut, 2007). Another feature that aerobic organisms possess is the ability to be able to regulate the control of substrate oxidation in accordance to how much energy the cells require. (Arnold; Kadenbach, 1997)
Taken from: http://www.ithaca.edu/faculty/pmelcher/plant_physiology.html
As organisms age, their metabolic process tends to slow down. However, this does not necessarily mean that, on the cellular level, the respiration process or the production of ATP slows. In a study conducted on sapwood trees, scientists discovered that, even in older trees where the metabolic rate was beginning to slow, the production of ATP was no less than in trees that were several years younger. While results were not completely consistent in every tree, scientists concluded that, while the functions of organisms tend to slow down with age, the age of individual cells does not have any impact on their ability to function (Spicer; Holbrook, 2007).
There are some elements that can shut down cellular respiration. Because cellular respiration is such an important process, it is obviously a very serious situation if an organism encounters an element or compound that can have adverse affects on the cellular respiration process. A particularly dangerous compound is nitric oxide. Nitric oxide can cause serious physiological and path physiological effects on the body. In scientific experiments conducted, these effects have found that endogenous forms of carbon monoxide also inhibit cellular respiration as well, but it is not fully understood why this is caused. (D'Amico; Lam; Hagen; Moncada, 2006).
Though they are extremely small, cells are amazingly complex. This is what makes them such important building blocks of all life forms. One of the most complex and vital processes is cellular respiration. In aerobic cells, this process is what drives them to be able to break glucose down into ATP, the rawest form of energy and the most basic lifeblood of all aerobic organisms. Though the process in considerably different in anaerobic cells, it is no less important. Without cellular respiration, life could not exist. All in all, this is why cellular respiration is one of the most important biological processes known.
Links:
Photosysthesis and Cellular Respiration
Characteristics of Living Things
References:
Plaut, G. (2007). Citric Acid Cycle. In McGraw-Hill's Access Science Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Online [Web]. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved November 11, 2008, from http://www.accessscience.com/content.aspx?id=366100&searchStr=citric+AND+acid+AND+cycle#searchTerm
Brioukhanov; Netrusov; A.; A. (2006, April, 4). Aerotolerance of Strictly Anaerobic Microorganisms and Factors of Defense against Oxidative Stress: A Review. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, Vol. 43, No. 6, Retrieved November 11, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=4&hid=117&sid=fba60575-32b5-4c76-a953-77e6f952d0a6%40sessionmgr102
Arnold; Kadenbach; S.; B. (1997, July, 18). Cell respiration is controlled by ATP, an allostreric inhibitor of cytocrhome-c oxidase. European Journal of Biochemistry, 349, Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=2&hid=17&sid=2b7aa824-0480-477c-b312-e05184360721%40SRCSM2
Spicer; Holbrook; R.; N. (2007, April 23). Parenchyma cell respiration and survival in secondary xylem: does metabolic activity decline with cell age?. Plant, Cell and Environment, 30, Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=2&hid=13&sid=68ddc9af-3d75-446f-b4f6-1e489beba2f3%40SRCSM2
D'Amico; Lam; Hagen; Moncada, G.; F.; T.; S. (2006, May, 24). Inhibition of cellular respiration by endogenously produced carbon monoxide. Journal of Cell Science, 119, Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=2&hid=13&sid=7a433330-72ed-4921-b7b3-a42215285992%40SRCSM1
Programer: Adam Teeter
E-mail:ateeter@uwyo.edu
Go To Document: (.doc)
Cells make up all living organisms. They are the basic building blocks of life. In some way or another, all organisms respire, or breathe, to stay alive. Likewise, cells respire as well. In fact, cellular respiration is one of the most important biological functions. Some cells can respire without the need of oxygen. This is called anaerobic respiration. Others require oxygen to run on, and respire aerobically. Cellular respiration is a surprisingly complex process, involving various chemicals and a complex system of gateways within the cells. Most aerobic organisms are large and complex, such as animals and plants. Other smaller organisms, such as certain types of bacteria, live deep in the ground where there is little or no oxygen to be had; these organisms are anaerobic. It is because of this that cellular respiration is such an important cycle in keeping any life form alive and healthy. Much research has been done over the years to try and better understand the cellular respiration process, and how, as a necessary cycle, this process ties into keeping the rest of the organism alive.
There are two types of cellular respiration; aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic does not. The first few stages of both types of respiration are very similar. First, glucose, a basic type of sugar, is broken down into Pyruvate through a process called Glycolysis. This creates small amounts of Adenosine Triphosphate, or ATP, which is very basic form of energy. At this point, depending on whether or not the cell is engaged in aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration, the process can take two different paths. (Plaut, 2007)
Aerobic Respiration Equation. Taken From: http://resources.wardsci.com/resources-and-tips/photosynthesis-and-cell-respiration/
A computer generated model of ATP. Taken from: http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/cellresp/respintro.html
Anaerobic respiration means that the cellular respiration process does not require oxygen. Because of this, very little ATP is actually produced. Instead, an alcoholic or lactic process ensues, causing fermentation to occur. From this, either ethanol or lactate can be produced. This means that, in the case of most organisms, not enough energy is produced for them to be able to survive. This is why most anaerobic organisms are so small. (Plaut, 2007)
Anaerobic Respiration Equation. Taken From: http://resources.wardsci.com/resources-and-tips/photosynthesis-and-cell-respiration/
Oxygen can actually be toxic to anaerobic organisms. While it is not immediately fatal, prolonged exposure to oxygen over several days can eventually kill anaerobic organisms. Oxygen tolerance varies between anaerobic species, but certain types of bacteria such as acteroids, clostridium, and sulfate-reducing bacteria are strictly anaerobic organisms, and, subsequently, are extremely susceptible to ill effects when exposed to oxygen. The reason for these effects is that most of these organisms do not have many of the enzymes that protect them from toxins found in oxygen. A few anaerobic bacteria species seem to be able to live for long periods of time while being exposed to substantial amounts of oxygen. (Brioukhanov; Netrusov, 2006)
The aerobic respiration process is more complex. In this form of respiration, the Krebs cycle, otherwise known as the citric acid cycle, makes much more ATP. It also creates electron carriers known as NADH, which creates an electron transport chain. This chain can regenerate NAD. It is this transport chain that creates the final product, energy, in the form of ATP. ATP is the form of energy that drives the metabolic process (Plaut, 2007). Another feature that aerobic organisms possess is the ability to be able to regulate the control of substrate oxidation in accordance to how much energy the cells require. (Arnold; Kadenbach, 1997)
Taken from: http://www.ithaca.edu/faculty/pmelcher/plant_physiology.html
As organisms age, their metabolic process tends to slow down. However, this does not necessarily mean that, on the cellular level, the respiration process or the production of ATP slows. In a study conducted on sapwood trees, scientists discovered that, even in older trees where the metabolic rate was beginning to slow, the production of ATP was no less than in trees that were several years younger. While results were not completely consistent in every tree, scientists concluded that, while the functions of organisms tend to slow down with age, the age of individual cells does not have any impact on their ability to function (Spicer; Holbrook, 2007).
There are some elements that can shut down cellular respiration. Because cellular respiration is such an important process, it is obviously a very serious situation if an organism encounters an element or compound that can have adverse affects on the cellular respiration process. A particularly dangerous compound is nitric oxide. Nitric oxide can cause serious physiological and path physiological effects on the body. In scientific experiments conducted, these effects have found that endogenous forms of carbon monoxide also inhibit cellular respiration as well, but it is not fully understood why this is caused. (D'Amico; Lam; Hagen; Moncada, 2006).
Though they are extremely small, cells are amazingly complex. This is what makes them such important building blocks of all life forms. One of the most complex and vital processes is cellular respiration. In aerobic cells, this process is what drives them to be able to break glucose down into ATP, the rawest form of energy and the most basic lifeblood of all aerobic organisms. Though the process in considerably different in anaerobic cells, it is no less important. Without cellular respiration, life could not exist. All in all, this is why cellular respiration is one of the most important biological processes known.
Links:
Photosysthesis and Cellular Respiration
Characteristics of Living Things
References:
Plaut, G. (2007). Citric Acid Cycle. In McGraw-Hill's Access Science Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Online [Web]. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved November 11, 2008, from http://www.accessscience.com/content.aspx?id=366100&searchStr=citric+AND+acid+AND+cycle#searchTerm
Brioukhanov; Netrusov; A.; A. (2006, April, 4). Aerotolerance of Strictly Anaerobic Microorganisms and Factors of Defense against Oxidative Stress: A Review. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, Vol. 43, No. 6, Retrieved November 11, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=4&hid=117&sid=fba60575-32b5-4c76-a953-77e6f952d0a6%40sessionmgr102
Arnold; Kadenbach; S.; B. (1997, July, 18). Cell respiration is controlled by ATP, an allostreric inhibitor of cytocrhome-c oxidase. European Journal of Biochemistry, 349, Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=2&hid=17&sid=2b7aa824-0480-477c-b312-e05184360721%40SRCSM2
Spicer; Holbrook; R.; N. (2007, April 23). Parenchyma cell respiration and survival in secondary xylem: does metabolic activity decline with cell age?. Plant, Cell and Environment, 30, Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=2&hid=13&sid=68ddc9af-3d75-446f-b4f6-1e489beba2f3%40SRCSM2
D'Amico; Lam; Hagen; Moncada, G.; F.; T.; S. (2006, May, 24). Inhibition of cellular respiration by endogenously produced carbon monoxide. Journal of Cell Science, 119, Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=2&hid=13&sid=7a433330-72ed-4921-b7b3-a42215285992%40SRCSM1
Go To Document: (.doc)
Cells make up all living organisms. They are the basic building blocks of life. In some way or another, all organisms respire, or breathe, to stay alive. Likewise, cells respire as well. In fact, cellular respiration is one of the most important biological functions. Some cells can respire without the need of oxygen. This is called anaerobic respiration. Others require oxygen to run on, and respire aerobically. Cellular respiration is a surprisingly complex process, involving various chemicals and a complex system of gateways within the cells. Most aerobic organisms are large and complex, such as animals and plants. Other smaller organisms, such as certain types of bacteria, live deep in the ground where there is little or no oxygen to be had; these organisms are anaerobic. It is because of this that cellular respiration is such an important cycle in keeping any life form alive and healthy. Much research has been done over the years to try and better understand the cellular respiration process, and how, as a necessary cycle, this process ties into keeping the rest of the organism alive.
There are two types of cellular respiration; aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic does not. The first few stages of both types of respiration are very similar. First, glucose, a basic type of sugar, is broken down into Pyruvate through a process called Glycolysis. This creates small amounts of Adenosine Triphosphate, or ATP, which is very basic form of energy. At this point, depending on whether or not the cell is engaged in aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration, the process can take two different paths. (Plaut, 2007)
Aerobic Respiration Equation. Taken From: http://resources.wardsci.com/resources-and-tips/photosynthesis-and-cell-respiration/
A computer generated model of ATP. Taken from: http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/cellresp/respintro.html
Anaerobic respiration means that the cellular respiration process does not require oxygen. Because of this, very little ATP is actually produced. Instead, an alcoholic or lactic process ensues, causing fermentation to occur. From this, either ethanol or lactate can be produced. This means that, in the case of most organisms, not enough energy is produced for them to be able to survive. This is why most anaerobic organisms are so small. (Plaut, 2007)
Anaerobic Respiration Equation. Taken From: http://resources.wardsci.com/resources-and-tips/photosynthesis-and-cell-respiration/
Oxygen can actually be toxic to anaerobic organisms. While it is not immediately fatal, prolonged exposure to oxygen over several days can eventually kill anaerobic organisms. Oxygen tolerance varies between anaerobic species, but certain types of bacteria such as acteroids, clostridium, and sulfate-reducing bacteria are strictly anaerobic organisms, and, subsequently, are extremely susceptible to ill effects when exposed to oxygen. The reason for these effects is that most of these organisms do not have many of the enzymes that protect them from toxins found in oxygen. A few anaerobic bacteria species seem to be able to live for long periods of time while being exposed to substantial amounts of oxygen. (Brioukhanov; Netrusov, 2006)
The aerobic respiration process is more complex. In this form of respiration, the Krebs cycle, otherwise known as the citric acid cycle, makes much more ATP. It also creates electron carriers known as NADH, which creates an electron transport chain. This chain can regenerate NAD. It is this transport chain that creates the final product, energy, in the form of ATP. ATP is the form of energy that drives the metabolic process (Plaut, 2007). Another feature that aerobic organisms possess is the ability to be able to regulate the control of substrate oxidation in accordance to how much energy the cells require. (Arnold; Kadenbach, 1997)
Taken from: http://www.ithaca.edu/faculty/pmelcher/plant_physiology.html
As organisms age, their metabolic process tends to slow down. However, this does not necessarily mean that, on the cellular level, the respiration process or the production of ATP slows. In a study conducted on sapwood trees, scientists discovered that, even in older trees where the metabolic rate was beginning to slow, the production of ATP was no less than in trees that were several years younger. While results were not completely consistent in every tree, scientists concluded that, while the functions of organisms tend to slow down with age, the age of individual cells does not have any impact on their ability to function (Spicer; Holbrook, 2007).
There are some elements that can shut down cellular respiration. Because cellular respiration is such an important process, it is obviously a very serious situation if an organism encounters an element or compound that can have adverse affects on the cellular respiration process. A particularly dangerous compound is nitric oxide. Nitric oxide can cause serious physiological and path physiological effects on the body. In scientific experiments conducted, these effects have found that endogenous forms of carbon monoxide also inhibit cellular respiration as well, but it is not fully understood why this is caused. (D'Amico; Lam; Hagen; Moncada, 2006).
Though they are extremely small, cells are amazingly complex. This is what makes them such important building blocks of all life forms. One of the most complex and vital processes is cellular respiration. In aerobic cells, this process is what drives them to be able to break glucose down into ATP, the rawest form of energy and the most basic lifeblood of all aerobic organisms. Though the process in considerably different in anaerobic cells, it is no less important. Without cellular respiration, life could not exist. All in all, this is why cellular respiration is one of the most important biological processes known.
Links:
Photosysthesis and Cellular Respiration
Characteristics of Living Things
References:
Plaut, G. (2007). Citric Acid Cycle. In McGraw-Hill's Access Science Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Online [Web]. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved November 11, 2008, from http://www.accessscience.com/content.aspx?id=366100&searchStr=citric+AND+acid+AND+cycle#searchTerm
Brioukhanov; Netrusov; A.; A. (2006, April, 4). Aerotolerance of Strictly Anaerobic Microorganisms and Factors of Defense against Oxidative Stress: A Review. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, Vol. 43, No. 6, Retrieved November 11, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=4&hid=117&sid=fba60575-32b5-4c76-a953-77e6f952d0a6%40sessionmgr102
Arnold; Kadenbach; S.; B. (1997, July, 18). Cell respiration is controlled by ATP, an allostreric inhibitor of cytocrhome-c oxidase. European Journal of Biochemistry, 349, Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=2&hid=17&sid=2b7aa824-0480-477c-b312-e05184360721%40SRCSM2
Spicer; Holbrook; R.; N. (2007, April 23). Parenchyma cell respiration and survival in secondary xylem: does metabolic activity decline with cell age?. Plant, Cell and Environment, 30, Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=2&hid=13&sid=68ddc9af-3d75-446f-b4f6-1e489beba2f3%40SRCSM2
D'Amico; Lam; Hagen; Moncada, G.; F.; T.; S. (2006, May, 24). Inhibition of cellular respiration by endogenously produced carbon monoxide. Journal of Cell Science, 119, Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=2&hid=13&sid=7a433330-72ed-4921-b7b3-a42215285992%40SRCSM1
Go To Document: (.doc)
Cells make up all living organisms. They are the basic building blocks of life. In some way or another, all organisms respire, or breathe, to stay alive. Likewise, cells respire as well. In fact, cellular respiration is one of the most important biological functions. Some cells can respire without the need of oxygen. This is called anaerobic respiration. Others require oxygen to run on, and respire aerobically. Cellular respiration is a surprisingly complex process, involving various chemicals and a complex system of gateways within the cells. Most aerobic organisms are large and complex, such as animals and plants. Other smaller organisms, such as certain types of bacteria, live deep in the ground where there is little or no oxygen to be had; these organisms are anaerobic. It is because of this that cellular respiration is such an important cycle in keeping any life form alive and healthy. Much research has been done over the years to try and better understand the cellular respiration process, and how, as a necessary cycle, this process ties into keeping the rest of the organism alive.
There are two types of cellular respiration; aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic does not. The first few stages of both types of respiration are very similar. First, glucose, a basic type of sugar, is broken down into Pyruvate through a process called Glycolysis. This creates small amounts of Adenosine Triphosphate, or ATP, which is very basic form of energy. At this point, depending on whether or not the cell is engaged in aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration, the process can take two different paths. (Plaut, 2007)
Aerobic Respiration Equation. Taken From: http://resources.wardsci.com/resources-and-tips/photosynthesis-and-cell-respiration/
A computer generated model of ATP. Taken from: http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/cellresp/respintro.html
Anaerobic respiration means that the cellular respiration process does not require oxygen. Because of this, very little ATP is actually produced. Instead, an alcoholic or lactic process ensues, causing fermentation to occur. From this, either ethanol or lactate can be produced. This means that, in the case of most organisms, not enough energy is produced for them to be able to survive. This is why most anaerobic organisms are so small. (Plaut, 2007)
Anaerobic Respiration Equation. Taken From: http://resources.wardsci.com/resources-and-tips/photosynthesis-and-cell-respiration/
Oxygen can actually be toxic to anaerobic organisms. While it is not immediately fatal, prolonged exposure to oxygen over several days can eventually kill anaerobic organisms. Oxygen tolerance varies between anaerobic species, but certain types of bacteria such as acteroids, clostridium, and sulfate-reducing bacteria are strictly anaerobic organisms, and, subsequently, are extremely susceptible to ill effects when exposed to oxygen. The reason for these effects is that most of these organisms do not have many of the enzymes that protect them from toxins found in oxygen. A few anaerobic bacteria species seem to be able to live for long periods of time while being exposed to substantial amounts of oxygen. (Brioukhanov; Netrusov, 2006)
The aerobic respiration process is more complex. In this form of respiration, the Krebs cycle, otherwise known as the citric acid cycle, makes much more ATP. It also creates electron carriers known as NADH, which creates an electron transport chain. This chain can regenerate NAD. It is this transport chain that creates the final product, energy, in the form of ATP. ATP is the form of energy that drives the metabolic process (Plaut, 2007). Another feature that aerobic organisms possess is the ability to be able to regulate the control of substrate oxidation in accordance to how much energy the cells require. (Arnold; Kadenbach, 1997)
Taken from: http://www.ithaca.edu/faculty/pmelcher/plant_physiology.html
As organisms age, their metabolic process tends to slow down. However, this does not necessarily mean that, on the cellular level, the respiration process or the production of ATP slows. In a study conducted on sapwood trees, scientists discovered that, even in older trees where the metabolic rate was beginning to slow, the production of ATP was no less than in trees that were several years younger. While results were not completely consistent in every tree, scientists concluded that, while the functions of organisms tend to slow down with age, the age of individual cells does not have any impact on their ability to function (Spicer; Holbrook, 2007).
There are some elements that can shut down cellular respiration. Because cellular respiration is such an important process, it is obviously a very serious situation if an organism encounters an element or compound that can have adverse affects on the cellular respiration process. A particularly dangerous compound is nitric oxide. Nitric oxide can cause serious physiological and path physiological effects on the body. In scientific experiments conducted, these effects have found that endogenous forms of carbon monoxide also inhibit cellular respiration as well, but it is not fully understood why this is caused. (D'Amico; Lam; Hagen; Moncada, 2006).
Though they are extremely small, cells are amazingly complex. This is what makes them such important building blocks of all life forms. One of the most complex and vital processes is cellular respiration. In aerobic cells, this process is what drives them to be able to break glucose down into ATP, the rawest form of energy and the most basic lifeblood of all aerobic organisms. Though the process in considerably different in anaerobic cells, it is no less important. Without cellular respiration, life could not exist. All in all, this is why cellular respiration is one of the most important biological processes known.
Links:
Photosysthesis and Cellular Respiration
Characteristics of Living Things
References:
Plaut, G. (2007). Citric Acid Cycle. In McGraw-Hill's Access Science Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Online [Web]. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved November 11, 2008, from http://www.accessscience.com/content.aspx?id=366100&searchStr=citric+AND+acid+AND+cycle#searchTerm
Brioukhanov; Netrusov; A.; A. (2006, April, 4). Aerotolerance of Strictly Anaerobic Microorganisms and Factors of Defense against Oxidative Stress: A Review. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, Vol. 43, No. 6, Retrieved November 11, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=4&hid=117&sid=fba60575-32b5-4c76-a953-77e6f952d0a6%40sessionmgr102
Arnold; Kadenbach; S.; B. (1997, July, 18). Cell respiration is controlled by ATP, an allostreric inhibitor of cytocrhome-c oxidase. European Journal of Biochemistry, 349, Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=2&hid=17&sid=2b7aa824-0480-477c-b312-e05184360721%40SRCSM2
Spicer; Holbrook; R.; N. (2007, April 23). Parenchyma cell respiration and survival in secondary xylem: does metabolic activity decline with cell age?. Plant, Cell and Environment, 30, Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=2&hid=13&sid=68ddc9af-3d75-446f-b4f6-1e489beba2f3%40SRCSM2
D'Amico; Lam; Hagen; Moncada, G.; F.; T.; S. (2006, May, 24). Inhibition of cellular respiration by endogenously produced carbon monoxide. Journal of Cell Science, 119, Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=2&hid=13&sid=7a433330-72ed-4921-b7b3-a42215285992%40SRCSM1